A influência tecnológica exerceu um papel fundamental para a evolução natural da meteorologia:
ca. 1440 |
Rain gauge used in Korea |
ca. 1595 |
First thermometer (Galileo) |
1643 |
Invention of mercury barometer (TOrricelli) |
1650 |
Cloud motion determined by trigonometry |
1654 |
First "satisfactory" thermometer introduced |
1660 |
Compressibility of air discussed (Boyle) |
ca. 1670 |
Suggestion that pressure should decease with height (Halley) |
1674 |
Observations of pressure decreasing with height (Pascal) |
1686 |
Description of trade winds and monsoons (Halley) |
1687 |
Explanation of winds that involves effect of Earth's rotation (Halley) |
1735 |
Upper air temperatures measured on kite(Wilson) |
1773 |
Invention of balloon(Charles) |
1784 |
Upper air temperatures measured on balloon(Jeffries Blanchard) |
1801 |
Firts cloud classification scheme devised (Lamarck) |
1803 |
Cloud classification scheme devised (Lamarck) |
1809 |
Wind measurements made above ground (Foster) |
1816/td>
| First synoptic maps drawn (Brandes) |
1835 |
Coriolis force describe mathematically(Coriolis) |
1840 |
Invention of telegraph (Morse) |
1840 |
Identification of "polar current" and "equatorial current" (Dove) |
1852-90 |
Upper air measurements of preassure, temperature, humidity in a manned ballon (Welsh,Glaisher, Assman) |
1860 |
Dove's "currents" found on synoptic maps (Fitzroy) |
1861 |
Cyclone model (based on marine observations) that has wind-shift lines (Jinman) |
1865-78 |
Improvement of Howards cloud classification scheme (Ley) |
1870 |
Invention of cup anemometer (Robinson) |
1883 |
Cyclone model based on pressure distribution on synoptic maps (Abercromby) |
1890 |
Model of cyclone showing relationship between divergence(convergence) at surface and aloft and pressure distribution at surface (Van Bebber) |
1890 |
First "balloon-sonde"(unmanned, recording balloon)(de Bort) |
1893 |
First kite network (Rotch and Fergusson) |
1900 |
Invention of radio (Marconi) |
1901 |
Discovery of tropopause (de Bort) |
1903 |
Invention of airplane (Wright brothers) |
1903 |
Hypothesis that kinetic energy of storms comes from total potential energy, and is associated with horizontal temperature contrast (Margules) |
1906 |
Study of Dove's "currents" using trajectory analysis (Lempfert and Shaw) |
1909 |
Fisrt theodolite used to get upperair winds |
1909-11 |
STreamline analysis first used (Sandstrõm, Bjerknes) |
1917 |
First airplane soundings |
1917 |
First telegraphy from instrumented kite (Herath and Robitzsch) |
1918-28 |
Polar front theory-the "Bergen school"(J. Bjerknes, Solberg, Bergeron) |
1923-35 |
Invention and improvement of radiosonde (Blair, Idrac, Bureau, Moltchanoff, Vaisala, Duckert, Lange) |
1928 |
Theory of kinematics of frontogenesis (Bergeron) |
1930 |
Introduction of concept of isentropic analysis (Shaw) |
1933 |
First upper air maps at constant height levels |
1933 |
First upper air maps at constant pressurre levels (Scherhag) |
1937 |
First routine use of radiosonde data |
1937-40 |
First isentropic analysis of upper air data (Rossby, Namias) |
1941 |
First routine isentropic analyses in United States Invention of radar |
1943 |
First aircraft penetration of the eye of hurricane |
1944 |
First detection of precipitation by radar |
1945 |
International a doption of constant-pressure analysis |
1945 |
First use of reference StatesDiscovery of the jet stream and jet streaks,The "Chicago School" (Palmen Newton, et al.)FIrst use of quase-geostrophic assumption (Chamey, Eliassen)Mathematical justification for quasigeostrophic theory(Chamey) |
1949 |
The Thunderstorm Project (Byers, Braham) |
1950 |
Invention of the computerFirst numerical forecast by computerDiscovery of upper level fronts (Reed)Discovery of the dryline (Fujita, Beebe) |
1957 |
First satellite (Sputnik I) |
1959 |
First meteorological satellite (Explores VII) |
1960 |
First Communications satelliteFirst pulsed Doppler radarFirst infrared sensors on satelliteFirst geosynchronous satelliteFirst satellite soundings using infrared spectrometers |
1970 |
Analysis of coastal frontsFirst detailed documentation of mesoscale organization precipitations systemsFirst multiple-Doppler observationsIntroduction of semigeostrophic theory and its application to the study of fronts and jets (Hoskins)First Doppler radar observations in clear airFirst use of minicomputersFirst interactive computer system for meteorological analysis (McIDAS)First automated surface networks (National Center for Atmospheric Research)Theory of conditional symmetric instability and rainbands in cyclones (Emanuel, Bennetts, Hoskins) |
1980 |
First use of wind profilers (Wave Propagation Laboratory)First dual-polization radars for hail detection |